Land Mine Clearance: Initiation Phase. (1992-1994)
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1992
October 4; Peace agreement is signed between FRELIMO and RENAMO in Rome, Italy; responsibility for demining is assigned to the United Nations’ peacekeeping mission (UNOMOZ)
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1992-1994
UNOMOZ trains and manages clearance by Mozambican deminers
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1992
United Nations Office for Humanitarian Assistance estimates there are two million landmines in Mozambique, a number that is subsequently revised to one million
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1993
United Nations Office for Coordination of Humnatiarian Assistance (UNOHAC) establishes a mine clearance training centre in Moamba, in between Maputo and the South African border (Komatiport) for former soldiers; it eventually results in the Accelerated Demining Programme (ADP)
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1992
Humanity & Inclusion (HI) begins nationwide mine risk education programme
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1993
Mine clearance begins (though some interventions take place late 1992)
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1993
Norwegians People’s Aid (NPA) establishes demining programme in Tete province and soon expands to two other central provinces, Manica and Sofala
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Late 1993
"UNOHAC contracts with HALO Trust for an emergency nationwide survey. Although coverage is incomplete, it finds 981 mined areas and assigns high priority to road clearance for peacekeeper access, refugee return and distribution of humanitarian assistance by road rather than air drop"
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1994
Absence of effective donor coordination and need to start operations leads to demining assignment of HALO Trust in the north, NPA in the centre and ADP in the south
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1994
Mechem begins road clearance in the South, financed by UNOMOZ. Soon other contracts are assigned to commercial demining firms in the Southern Provinces.
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1994
HALO Trust establishes demining programme in Zambezia. It soon expands to Niassa, Nampula and Cabo Delgado
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July 1994
UNDP initiates Accelerated Demining Programme (ADP) Phase 1 MOZ/93/801 to employ demobilized soldiers trained as deminers by UNOHAC, modelled on Cambodia’s Mine Action Centre.
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1994
Little thought is given to the long term; initiative operates in southern provinces of Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane
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1994
HI and International Committee of the Red Cross establish and run modern orthopaedic centres in all provinces
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October 1994
First presidential and parliamentary elections in the country (October 27-29). FRELIMO wins majority and Joachim Chissano becomes the first democratically elected President of the country. Elections are considered the end of the peace process and of ONUMOZ.
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1994 onward
HALO Trust, NPA and ADP manage independent demining programmes in north, centre and south of country, respectively
APPENDIX
Land Mine Clearance: Consolidation Phase. (1995-1999)
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1995
At consultative group meeting in Paris, Government of Mozambique documents on economic and social development and key policies highlight demining as an essential priority for development
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1995
National Demining Commission (CND) created, beginning operations in 1996. But first got paid in 1997. CND is unable to establish oversight role and is understaffed (fewer than 10 staff); donors are dissatisfied. CND is eventually replaced by IND (1999)
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1996-1999
UNDP supports CND with 3 to 5 technical advisers and 1 USD million; staff is weak, counterparts are lacking; 85% of funds go to expatriate salaries; little indigenous capacity building takes place
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1996 onward
UNDP does most of the legwork to convene donors periodically in Mine Action Support Group, to share information, mobilize resources and develop a unified message in policy dialogue with the Government
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1997
DHA (Department of Humanitarian Affairs) study on development of indigenous mine action capacity case study on Mozambique cites problems due to diverse mandates of multiple UN agencies: peacekeeping, relief, development etc.
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1997
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC) opens for signature; Mozambique is among first countries to sign and ratify it (in the next year)
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1998
Humanity & Inclusion starts small area demining in Inhambane Province
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1999
Canadian International Development Agency commissions firm without mine action experience to prepare Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey; completed in 2001
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Feb 1999 - July 2000
Preparation project for IND capacity building begins
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1999
Mozambique hosts first meeting of States Parties to the APMBC
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1999
Inter-ministerial Committee for Mine Victim Support is established
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June 1999
Government replaces CND with IND under Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with more autonomy
APPENDIX
Land Mine Clearance: Limited Coordination and Acceleration Phase. (2000-2007)
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2000
Decree 39/2000 approves IND establishment with 120 employees. Most are never recruited as Government provides no funds and donors disapprove. As of 2001 staff is around 13.
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2000-2005
UNDP mobilizes resources for IND and ADP
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2000
German NGO MgM starts demining in Mozambique
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Oct 2000 - Dec 2001
UNDP Flood Related Mine Action project MOZ/00/004 due to flooding in early 2000. By the time project starts the main food relief effort is over; TA works on capacity development of IND
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2000-2001
LIS (Land Mine Impact Survey) is conducted but not integrated with IND; LIS provides first national report on extent of landmine problem and socioeconomic impact
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2000
IMSMA is installed during LIS
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2000-2005
Second UNDP ADP project provides funding for ADP 2000-2002 support for capacity building to IND (nationally executed)"
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2001-2004
Transformation of ADP into an NGO project (MOZ/00/012) (11.3 USD million) with objective to support national capacity development by producing \a fully operational NGO. Minimal progress is made regarding the NGO and UNDP continues to provide demining funds. No real transition effort is in effect
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2001
IND regional delegation established in Nampula, followed by Beira
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2001-2006
UNDP provides IND with four TAs, a CTA and advisers for finance and administration, operations and information"
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2001
LIS report is issued, identifying 791 mine-affected communities in all 10 provinces and 123 of 128 districts; 80% are low impact; 1,374 suspected mined areas total 562 sq km
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2001
HI hands over entire role in mine risk education to IND (supported by UNICEF)
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2001
First National Mine Action Strategy is approved by Council of Ministers
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2002
IND produces first National Mine Action Plan 2002-2006 using LIS data although operators mainly ignore it
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2002-2003
First set of Mozambican national mine action standards is written by expatriate technical advisers in English (translated in 2004)
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2002
Capacity building ProDoc is revised to include creation of socioeconomic research and evaluation unit, QA unit under operations, expansion of mine risk education, capacity building of Nampula and Beira delegations, new management for Adopt-a-Minefield"
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2002
Consultancy concludes that NGO option for ADP is not viable. Donors agree at November meeting and decide to continue more of the same, i.e., UNDP, IND and ADP will develop proposal for a nationally executed project under Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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2003
ADP continues with two TAs and 2.1 USD million for operations
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2003
After using LIS as basis for its 2002-2006 plan, IND starts receiving operator reports of excessive numbers of contaminated areas and many unrecorded sites. IND has no real picture of contamination and thus how long clearance will take
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2003
Final destruction of remaining landmine stockpile on time for APMBC
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2003
Most bilateral donors announce intent to end funding for mine action
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2003
MGM closes operations and leaves Mozambique
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2003
Evaluation of global landmine survey process. Mozambique country study (by Scanteam) is critical of MLIS
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2004
IND QA teams are deployed to each regional office; they have insufficient equipment and resources
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2004
Corruption accusations are made over use of donor funds to purchase expensive car for IND national director"
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July 2004
"ProDoc 0039146 Transformation of the Associated Demining Programme (ADP) July
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2004-June 2005
Establishing ADP as a non-profit-making demining operator, setting up the Governing Board, staff and strategy for ADP
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2004
Apopo starts clearance testing with rats
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2004
Mozambique hosts first review conference of APMBC
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2004
HALO Trust announces it will conclude work in four northern provinces and close programme by end 2006
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2004-2007
HALO trust conducts mine- impact-free district survey in four northern provinces to document completion; process is largely ignored by IND; NPA and HI each conduct surveys of their areas of operations; all three result in update and reduction of areas estimated by LIS"
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2004
NPA announces it will close operations in Mozambique based on Norwegian Embassy recommendation
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2004
HI announces it will close demining at end of 2006, with conclusion of all small area tasks in Inhambane
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2005
IND annual plan refers to alarming differences between 2002-2006 plan and what provincial governments were reporting; henceforth priorities to start from districts and provinces
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Apr 2005
ADP employees strike over unpaid wages; director resigns; Government shuts down ADP operations. Whereabouts of ADP database and clearance reports is unclear
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2005
GICHD review of 10 years of assistance to mine action in Mozambique (based on fieldwork mid-January to mid- February 2005)
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2005
UNDP capacity building programme ends; IND loses its best educated and trained local staff on UNDP project payroll; others not paid for months while awaiting admission to civil service
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2006
Second PARPA (2006-2009) includes mine action as one of eight cross-cutting issues
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Jan 2006
PriceWaterhouse produces Final Report Facilitation of a Business Plan for the Associated Demining Project, funded by UNDP, but it is never heard of again"
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2006
NPA closes programme and leaves country after conducting task impact assessment of all centre-south provinces (Tete, Manica, Sofala, Inhambane; plus Gaza and Maputo, where it never worked)
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2006
Apopo is accredited as demining operator
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2006-2007
HI conducts comprehensive village-by-village survey of Manica, Sofala and Inhambane provinces
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June 2007
HALO Trust concludes a mine- impact-free assessment of the four centre-north provinces where it had been operating and declares no known mined areas remain
APPENDIX
Land Mine Clearance: Completion Phase. (2008-2015)
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2007-2008
On behalf of IND, HALO Trust undertakes baseline assessment of remaining six provinces using records, LIS, pre- and post-LIS reports in IMSMA, and surveys by HI and NPA in their areas
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2008
Evaluation of Canadian Land mines Fund Phase II (mainly HI)
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2008
For the first time the financial table in IND annual report contains government contribution (1.5 USD million)
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2008
Socioeconomic impact assessment (UNDP-funded consultancy) is undertaken to determine performance against PARPA indicators. It is superficial but finds positive linkages
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2008
Most ambassadors decline to attend annual IND director briefing
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2008
Article 5 extension request is prepared, involving operators and other stakeholders under leadership of IND, using baseline assessment
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2008-2012
National Mine Action Plan, based on baseline assessment, adopts district-by-district approach to prioritize remaining demining, approved by Council of Ministers
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2008
Donor funding begins to recover, based on credibility of mine action strategy and Article 5 extension request, with UNDP support (full recovery by 2011)
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2008-2011
Weapons Risk Mitigation and Mainstreaming Mine Action, Small Arms and LightWeapons Controls project
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2008
IND performs district-by- district verification of provinces demined by HALO Trust in four northern sites; identifies 43 suspected mined areas and 34 unexploded ordnance sites.
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2008
Government requests Ottawa Treaty extension to 2014 and Article 5 extension request is approved by States Parties
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Dec 2008
Government signs Convention on Cluster Munitions
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2009
National Mine Action Strategy 2009-2014 is adopted, aimed at mine-free Mozambique by 2014 (amended following Article 5 extension approval)
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2009
Apopo begins demining work in cooperation with HI in Inhambane 2010 onward UNDP mobilizes resources for IND and operations within national progamme, channelling funds to all operators according to IND priority
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2010
In Five Year Plan 2010-2014 mine action is one of seven cross- cutting issues with nine priority actions, reflecting baseline assessment
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2010
Classification of provinces as mine-free effort begins and progresses
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2011
District police trained and equipped to respond to EOD tasks in four northern provinces
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2011
PARP 2011-2014 challenges include eliminating landmines to free land
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2012
NPA returns to Mozambique demining operations
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2012
Ravim and HI undertake survey of 300 mine/ERW survivors
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2013
Government makes second request for extension of Article 5 deadline, to December 2014
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2014
Mozambique hosts third review conference of APMBC
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2014
Government announces development of national victim assistance plan at third review conference
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2014-2015
Police in Gaza and Maputo provinces are trained and equipped in EOD
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2014-2015
IND plans transition of core EOD and database functions to long-term institutional basis in context of post-demining residual problems
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2015
Government Five-Year Plan 2015-2019 identifies landmines as one of several perennial issues for attention
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2015
Mozambique declares itself free of known mined areas (17 September)